Our Reference Library

Medical Reference Excerpts

General Hormone Replacement Therapy

Medical Reference Bibliography

General Hormone Replacement Therapy

“Hormone replacement prevents weight gain. HRT favors weight loss by increasing lipid oxidative, improves insulin response and lowers plasma lipids.”
Maturitas 1999 Aug;16 32(3): 147 -53.

“Aging is not an unalterable process of decline and loss. Hormones are now responsible for this change in attitude. Therefore, routine medical intervention programs offering long term replacement therapy with one or more hormones to delay the aging process, allowing us to live for a longer period in a relatively intact state are becoming popular.”
Biomedicina 2000 Jan;Vol 3( 1):6-7.

DHEA

“DHEA improves mood and fatigue.”
J Psych 2000 Dec;85(12):4650-56.

“DHEA improves well being, sexuality, and cognition”.
Endocrinology Research. 2000 Nov;26(4):505

“DHEA improves immune function and decreases mortality.”
Critical Care Med. 2001Feb;29(2):380

“DHEA administration reduces abdominal fat, decreases insulin resistance and protects against metabolic syndrome and diabetes.”
JAMA 2004 November; Vol.292(18):2233-2247.

“Low DHEA levels are associated with depression and depressed mood.”
J American Gerentology Soc.1999 June;47(6):685-91.

“DHEA is beneficial in treatment of major depression in women.”
Am. J Psychiatry 1999 April;156(4):646-649.

Estrogen

“Multiple medical studies have demonstrated estrogen’s protective effects against Alzheimer’s, memory loss, loss of cognition:
- Estrogen decreases colorectal cancer.
- Estrogen decreases cataracts and macular degeneration.
- Estrogen prevents tooth loss and gingivitis.
- Estrogen prevents urogenital atrophy, painful intercourse and stress incontinence.”
Biomedica Jan. 2000; Vol. 3(1):6-9

“We must not forget the dangers of menopause and the deleterious consequences of estrogen deficiency. Estrogen protects bone, heart, brain, blood vessels, urogenital tissue, teeth, eyes. Observational data from around the world show estrogen has beneficial effects on mortality from all causes.”
Consultant 2001July;Vol. 71:1085-1086

“The largest study to date, the Nurses’ Health Study, demonstrated a 100% decrease in heart disease and cancer for estrogen users. It is never too late to initiate estrogen therapy to arrest the progression of osteoporosis and hip fractures.”
Female Patient 2004 Oct;Vol 29: 35-41.

“In the final analysis of the estrogen only arm of the WHI; there was no increased risk of breast cancer or heart disease. There was a 35% decrease in hip fractures, 35% decrease in diabetes and a 60% decrease in urinary sepsis. This leads to a significant decrease in all causes of mortality.”
J Gen Internal Medicine 2004;19(7): 791-804

“New findings in 4 recent studies counter the results of WHI and HERS. Estrogen replacement results in a dramatic decrease in cardiovascular disease. There was no coronary artery disease deaths were reported in 6,000 women taking estrogen. The results of the WHI do not apply to younger women.”
Family Practice News 2003 June;Vol 33(11):1-2.

“Estrogen reduces the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease by 50%.”
JAMA 2002; 288:2123-2129.

“Estradiol and progesterone demonstrated no increased risk of breast cancer. Synthetic estrogen (Premarin® ) and synthetic progestins (medroxyprogesterone and noresterone) all dramatically increased the risk of breast cancer. This was a ten year study of over 100,000 women, the largest and longest study to date comparing natural hormones to synthetic hormones.”
Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007;101:125-134

“The WHI trial had major design flaws that led to adverse conclusions about the positive effects of hormone therapy. The study included mostly older women that already had cardiovascular disease. The study utilized only medroxyprogesterone (Provera®) which we know negates any beneficial effect of estrogen, rather than the bio identical hormone, progesterone. Multiple other studies with estrogen started early in menopause demonstrate beneficial effects.”
Fertility Sterility 2005 Dec;84(6):1589-601

“Because of the design flaws, the WHI trial should be discredited as it used only 2 synthetic hormones that were already known to be harmful. The positive effects of many different hormone methods studied over the last 50 years should not be discounted due to one poorly designed and flawed study (WHI) trial.”
Female Patient 2004 Oct;Vol 29:40-46.

“North American Menopausal Society (NAMS) position statement: The WHI results do not apply to the majority of women. The WHI trial does not negate 40 years of study demonstrating HRT benefit. Five recent studies demonstrate overwhelming evidence that HRT prevents atherosclerosis.”
Family Practice News 2003 Oct;1-2.

“Estrogen lowers cortisol which in turn reduces abdominal fat.”
Female Patient, 2001April; 26:18-24.

“Estrogen therapy alters the biology of the inner vessels (of the heart). HRT protects through vasodilation, anti inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. HRT provides significant coronary artery benefits.”
N England J Medicine 2000;343(8):572-574.

“Estrogen protects against neuron-degeneration, changes in mood, cognition and behavior.”
Clinical Genetics 1998 May;6(5):15-19.

“This manuscript presents a protocol for hormone replacement therapy with natural estrodial, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA and melatonin. Using the natural sex steroids which occur naturally in humans represents replacement to ensure attainment of pre-menopausal levels and adequacy of therapy. This is inexpensive therapy that gives relief of symptoms, is well tolerated, provides minimal side effects, protects the endometrium, and results in excellent compliance. This replacement of natural hormones is based on sound physiologic principles that have been demonstrated to be the preferred method of hormone replacement.”
Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America; 1995 October; Vol. 6 (4):653-675.

“Fear of breast cancer is the strongest factor limiting postmenopausal hormone use. The most powerful study to date definitively demonstrated that estrogen does not cause an increase risk for cancer. The increased risk was associated only with taking the progestin (Provera®) and not estrogen.”
JAMA 2004;291(24): 2947-2958.

“Loss of hormones at menopause results in significant genital atrophy, vaginal dryness, introital stenosis, and painful intercourse.”
Family Practice News 2005 March;58-59

“Estrogen deficiency greatly increases mortality from cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Over 90% of women will die from cardiovascular disease which estrogen can prevent”. Over 40 years of study have well documented the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen.”
Obstet Gynecol 1996 Jan;87(1):6-12

“The potential lethal consequences of osteoporosis are overwhelming. Estrogen is protective but only when certain serum levels are maintained.”
Female Patient Oct. 2004;Vol. 29:40-46.

Progesterone

“The main reason women discontinue HRT is due to side effects. Synthetic progestin’s (Provera®) cause may side effects: breast swelling and tenderness, uterine bleeding, depression and mood disturbance, weight gain, bloating and edema. Natural progesterone has no side effects.”
Female Patient 2001 Oct; 19-23.

“Progesterone should be administered to all women, hysterectomy or not.”
Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America; 1995 Oct;Vol.6(4):653-673.

“Due to the side effects of synthetic progestin’s, natural progesterone is preferred. Progesterone has proven bio-availability and no side effects making it the preferred hormone for menopause.”
American Family Physicians 2000;62: 1339-46.

“Estrogen and progesterone are neuro-protective against cerebral damage. These beneficial effects were blocked by MPA (medroxyprogesterone).”
National Academy Science USA; 2003 Sept. 2;100(8):10506-11.

“Natural estrogen and natural progesterone offer substantial clinical benefit over the synthetic hormones and should be the agents of choice for menopause.”
Obstetrics Gynecology 1989;73:606.

“The estrogen only arm of the WHI Trial demonstrated no increased risk of breast cancer with estrogen. This study therefore demonstrates that the breast cancer increase was due to medroxyprogesterone (Provera®) and not due to estrogen.”
Family Practice News 2004 March 15;1-3.

“Progesterone reduces proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces cellular apoptosis (kills breast cancer cells).”
Maturitas 2003 Dec;46(1):555-58

“Due to the side effects of synthetic progestin’s, natural progesterone is preferred. Progesterone has proven bioavailability and no side effects making it the preferred hormone for menopause.”
American Family Physician 2000; 62:1939-46

“Progesterone raises good HDL cholesterol, whereas MPA (Provera®), lowers good cholesterol. Progesterone increases estrogen beneficial effects whereas MPA reverses estrogen’s benefits. Progesterone has no side effects, whereas MPA has many.”
Obstetrics Gynecology 1989;73:606-611.

“Progesterone decreases Breast stimulation 400%, and down regulates breast receptor sites, thereby protecting against breast stimulation.”
Fertility Sterility 1998;69:963-69.

“Mammary tumor stimulation was reduced both by progesterone and Tamoxifen, more so by progesterone by Tamoxifen which is the drug of choice to treat cancer.”
Japan Journal of Cancer Research 1985June;76:699-04.

Testosterone

“Loss of testosterone causes loss of libido, energy, strength, sexual function, memory, cognition, muscle and bone. Testosterone replacement, as far as quality of life is concerned, is tremendous.”
Medical Crossfire 2001Jan;Vol.3 No.1:17-18

“Symptoms of low testosterone may occur due to decreased serum levels or reduced receptor site sensitivity. In spite of normal blood levels patients will still feel and function better when testosterone is prescribed.”
Medical Crossfire 2001 Jan;Vol.3 No. 1:17-18.

“Testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, libido, erectile function, bone density, memory, cognition, myocardial function. It is unconscionable for physicians not to treat men with testosterone.”
Medical Crossfire 2001Jan;Vol. 3 No.1:47-50.

“Low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and carotid atherosclerosis.”
Diabetes Care 2003 June;Vol. 36, No. 6: 20-30.

“Testosterone levels have nothing to do with causing prostate cancer.” Cancer 1999, July 15;88(2):312-5. “None of the 12 longitudinal population based studies, such as the “Physician’s Health Study,” found any increased risk of prostate cancer in men with higher levels compared to men with lower levels of testosterone.”
New England Journal of Medicine 2004;350:482-92.

“Low testosterone levels increase cardiovascular disease. High testosterone levels protect against cardiovascular disease.”
Diabetes Metab 1995 Vol. 21:156-161.

“Testosterone replacement in women significantly decreases carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.”
American Journal of Epidemiology 2002;155: 437-445

“Administration of testosterone to women eliminates hot flashes, lethargy, depression, incontinence, fibrocystic disease, migraine headaches, and poor libido. Testosterone also improves well-being, sexual desire, frequency and intensity of orgasm.”
Consultant; 1999 August: 2006-07.

“Higher testosterone levels increase cognition and memory.”
Neurology 2005 Mar. 8; 64-5:866-71.

“Testosterone decreases cholesterol and raises HDL.”
Atherosclerosis 1996 Mar;121(1): 35-43.

“Low testosterone levels are associated with higher cardiovascular risk. Testosterone supplementation reduces abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity. Testosterone lowers cholesterol also.”
Diabetes Metab 2004 Feb;30(1):29-3

“Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women and testosterone replacement in men reduce the degree of central obesity.”
Obesity Review 2004 Nov; 5(4): 197-216.

“High doses of synthetic, anabolic steroids cause side effects. No such side effects have been observed using low doses of natural testosterone. Avoidance of supraphysiologic levels prevents any side effects.”
Female Patient 2004 Nov; Vol.29: 40-45.

“Testosterone increases bone density in women. Testosterone protects against heart disease in women.”
Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1999; 44(12):1012-20

“Low DHT (dihydrotestosterone) predicted a higher rate of cancer. Higher DHT levels were associated with a lower risk of cancer.”
Brit.J.Urol 1990 Mar;77(3)443-37.

Thyroid

“Fibromyalgia is frequently seen in hypothyroidism. There is now evidence to support that fibromyalgia may be due to thyroid hormone resistance (cellular hypo-function).”
Medical Hypotheses 2003 Aug;21(2):182-89.

“Combined T4 and T3 therapy resulted in improved symptoms, well-being and weight loss in comparison with straight T4 therapy. A decrease in weight resulted from using higher T3 levels.”
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 May;90(5):2666-74.

“Long term high doses of thyroid had no adverse effect in causing osteoporosis or fractures.”
Cortland Forum July 2001:85-90

“TSH is a good test to diagnose hypothyroidism. However TSH is a poor measure of symptoms of metabolic severity. It is, therefore, the biological effects of thyroid hormone on the peripheral tissue and not the TSH concentration, that reflects the clinical and metabolic effects.”
British Medical Journal Feb 2003;Vol. 326:325-326.

“Even exceptionally high doses of thyroid do not cause osteoporosis or fractures.”
Normal Metabolic. Research 1995 Nov; 27(11):503-7.

“Even though the TSH is in the normal range, patients continue to have persistent symptoms despite adequate replacement doses. These patients are still symptomatic due to low T3 levels.”
BMJ Feb. 2003; Vol 326:295-296.

“Patients that took a combination of T4 and T3 experienced better mood, energy, concentration and memory and improved well-being. Patients on just T4 experienced no change.”
New England Journal of Medicine Feb. 1999;340:424-9

“Women with low normal thyroid levels had a 4-fold increase risk of heart disease. This increased risk was equal to the risk of smoking and high cholesterol. Low normal thyroid levels are a strong predictor for heart attacks.”
Annals of Internal Medicine 2000; 132: 270-278.

“Low T3 levels are associated with increased heart disease and decreased cardiac function. Replacing T3 increases clinical performance and cardiac output. Adding T3 increases exercise tolerance and quality of life.”
CVR & R 2002;23:20-26

“Low levels of free T3 in patients resulted in increased disability, depression, decreased cognition, and energy and increased mortality.”
JAMA Dec. 2004; Vol. 292(2c): 500-504.

“Low normal thyroid levels result in increased cholesterol, increased heart disease, fatigue, low energy, depression, and memory loss. Thyroid replacement eliminates thee risks. No study has shown any harm or adverse effect of treatment.”
e Consultant 2000 Dec: 2397-2399.

“Long term thyroid replacement with high doses has no significant effect in bone density or fractures.”
Lancet 1992 Jul 4; 340(8810):9-13.

“Thyroid levels should be raised to the upper normal range for a young person. This results in optimal cognition, memory, cerebral function.”
Journal of Gerontology; 1999 Vol. 54:109-115

“Combined thyroid therapy with T4 and high dose T3 resulted in improvement of symptoms and well being, whereas straight T4 did not. Not only did they feel better, but the patients taking both T4 and T3 also lost weight. The straight T4 did not.”
Journal of Clinical Endocrine Metabolism 2005 May; 90(5):2666-74

“Over 40 studies prove that thyroid replacement does not lower bone density or cause increase risk of fracture.”
Cortland Forum; 2001 July:85-89.

“Decreased T3 levels result in increased cholesterol and heart disease. Treating with T3 improves the lipid profile.”
Preventive Cardiol 2001;4:179-182

Melatonin

“Melatonin has been shown to slow the growth of some cancer, prevent some cancer and decreases side-effects of many chemotherapeutic agents.”
Medical Hypothesis 1997 June; 49(6):523-35.

(Melatonin has become so popular that there is now a synthetic, chemically altered melatonin made by a pharmaceutical company to treat insomnia.) “Use of melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia demonstrated improvement in sleep quality. This study is consistent with other studies.”
Patient Care 2000 June:34-38.

“In this study patients were successfully weaned from benzodiazepines (valium), with the sleep regulating hormone melatonin: Melatonin was not associated with adverse effects or tolerance.”
Archive of Internal Medicine; 1999 Nov 159: 2456-2460.

“Melatonin possesses strong antioxidant properties with increases in brain glutathione. Melatonin possesses potent anticancer effects, increases and improves immune defenses, inhibits tumor growth factor production.”
Journal Pineal Research 1999 Aug ;23(i): 15-19.

“Night time administration of melatonin relieves migraine headaches.”
Neurology 2004 August; 246-250.

Medical Reference Bibliography

Authors: Birrell SN, Butler LM, Harris JM, Buchanan G, Tilley WD
Title: Disruption of androgen receptor signaling by synthetic progestins may increase risk of developing breast cancer.
Citation: FASEB J 2007 Apr 5; Epub ahead of print
Pub. Date: 4/5/2007

Authors: Ribot C, Tremollieres F
Title: [Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: all the treatments are not the same.] TRANSLATION ATTACHED
Citation: Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2007 Mar 26; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 3/26/2007

Authors: Xu et al.
Title: Differential effects of progestogens, by type and regimen, on estrogen-metabolizing enzymes in human breast cancer cells.
Citation: Maturitas 2006 Sept 6 [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 9/6/2006

Authors: Hyder SM
Title: Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer.
Citation: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006 Sep;13(3):667-87.
Pub. Date: 9/1/2006

Authors: Wood CE, Register TC, Lees CJ, Chen H, Kimrey S, Mark Cline J
Title: Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys.
Citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006 Jul 14; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 7/14/2006

Authors: Moskowitz D
Title: A Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioidentical Hormones for the Management of Menopause and Related Health Risks.
Citation: Alternative Medicine Review 2006;11(3):208-223
Pub. Date: 1/1/2006

Authors: Cirpan, Terek, Ozsener, Kanit, Pogun, Zekioglu, Yucebilgin
Title: Proliferative effects of different hormone regimes on mammary glands in ovariectomized rats
Citation: Eur J Gynecol Oncol. 2006 27(3):256-261.
Pub. Date: 1/1/2006

Authors: Campagnoli C, Abba C, Ambroggio S, Peris C.
Title: Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk.
Citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct 21; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 10/21/2005

Authors: Mirkin S, Wong BC, Archer DF.,
Title: Effect of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, synthetic progestins, tibolone, and tibolone metabolites on vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in breast cancer cells.
Citation: Fertil Steril. 2005 Aug;84(2):485-91.
Pub. Date: 8/1/2005

Authors: Menendez JA, Oza BP, Colomer R, Lupu R.
Title: The estrogenic activity of synthetic progestins used in oral contraceptives enhances fatty acid synthase-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and survival.
Citation: Int J Oncol. 2005 Jun;26(6):1507-15.
Pub. Date: 6/1/2005

Authors: Proietti C, Salatino M, Rosemblit C, Carnevale R, Pecci A, Kornblihtt AR, Molinolo AA, Frahm I, Charreau EH, Schillaci R, Elizalde PV.
Title: Progestins induce transcriptional activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) via a Jak- and Src-dependent mechanism in breast cancer cells.
Citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;25(12):4826-40.
Pub. Date: 6/1/2005

Authors: Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrion F.
Title: Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer.
Citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 May 20; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 5/20/2005

Authors: Jordan VC.
Title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate and metastases: of mice and (wo)men.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 May 4;97(9):619-21.
Pub. Date: 5/4/2005

Authors: Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F., ,
Title: “Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. ”
Citation: Int J Cancer. 2005 Apr 10;114(3):448-54
Pub. Date: 4/10/2005

Authors: Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M, Lobo R, Manson JE, Merriam GR, Miller VM, Naftolin F, Santoro N.
Title: KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.
Citation: Climacteric. 2005 Mar;8(1):3-12.
Pub. Date: 3/1/2005

Authors: Colditz GA,
Title: Estrogen, estrogen plus progestin therapy, and risk of breast cancer.
Citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 15;11(2 Pt 2):909s-17s
Pub. Date: 1/15/2005

Authors: Missmer SA, Eliassen AH, Barbieri RL, Hankinson SE.
Title: Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Dec 15;96(24):1856-65.
Pub. Date: 12/15/2004

Authors: Moskowitz D.
Title: Comment on Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review”. (and author reply)”
Citation: Menopause. 2004 Nov-Dec;11(6 Pt 1):639; author reply 639-41.
Pub. Date: 11/1/2004

Authors: Druckmann, R
Title: Progestins and their effects on the breast.
Citation: Maturitas. 2003 Dec 10;46 Suppl 1:S59-69
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Franke, HR, Vermes, I
Title: Differential effects of progestogens on breast cancer cell lines.
Citation: Maturitas. 2003 Dec 10;46 Suppl 1:S55-8
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Mueck, AO, Seeger, H, Wallwiener, D
Title: Comparison of the proliferative effects of estradiol and conjugated equine estrogens on human breast cancer cells and impact of continuous combined progestogen addition.
Citation: Climacteric. 2003 Sep;6(3):221-7
Pub. Date: 9/1/2003

Authors: Suparto IH, Williams JK, Cline JM, Anothony MS, Fox JL.
Title: Contrasting effects of two hormone replacement therapies on the cardiovascular and mammary gland outcomes in surgically postmenopausal monkeys.
Citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 May;188(5):1132-40.
Pub. Date: 5/1/2003

Authors: Seeger, H, Wallwiener, D, Mueck, AO
Title: The effect of progesterone and synthetic progestins on serum- and estradiol-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells.
Citation: Horm Metab Res. 2003 Feb;35(2):76-80
Pub. Date: 2/1/2003

Authors: Greendale, GA, Reboussin, BA, Slone, S, Wasilauskas, C, Pike, MC, Ursin, G
Title: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and change in mammographic density.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jan 1;95(1):30-7
Pub. Date: 1/1/2003

Authors: de Lignieres, B, Vathaire, F, Fournier, S, Urbinelli, R, Allaert, F, Le, M, Kuttenn, F
Title: Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a french cohort study of 3175 women.
Citation: Climacteric 2002;5:332-40
Pub. Date: 1/1/2002

Authors: McCarty, MF
Title: Androgenic progestins amplify the breast cancer risk associated with hormone replacement therapy by boosting IGF-I activity.
Citation: Med Hypotheses. 2001 Feb;56(2):213-6
Pub. Date: 2/1/2001

Authors: Greendale, GA, Reboussin, BA, Sie, A, Singh, HR, Olson, LK, Gatewood, O, Bassett, LW, Wasilauskas, C, Bush, T, Barrett-Connor, E
Title: Effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestin on mammographic parenchymal density. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Investigators.
Citation: Ann Intern Med. 1999 Feb 16;130(4 Pt 1):262-9
Pub. Date: 2/16/1999

Authors: Foidart, JM, Colin, C, Denoo, X, Desreux, J, Beliard, A, Fournier, S, de Lignieres, B
Title: Estradiol and progesterone regulate the proliferation of human breast epithelial cells.
Citation: Fertil Steril. 1998 May;69(5):963-9
Pub. Date: 5/1/1998

Authors: Espeland, M, Marcovina, S, Miller, V, Wood, P, Wasilauskas, C, Sherwin, R, Schrott, H, Bush, T
Title: Effect of postmeopausal hormone therapy on lipoprotein (a) concentration.
Citation: Circulation 1998;97:979-86
Pub. Date: 3/14/1998

Authors: Staffa JA, Newschaffer CJ, Jones JK, Miller V.
Title: Progestins and breast cancer: an epidemiologic review
Citation: Fertil Steril. 1992 Mar;57(3):473-91. Review.
Pub. Date: 3/1/1992

Authors: Birrell SN, Butler LM, Harris JM, Buchanan G, Tilley WD
Title: Disruption of androgen receptor signaling by synthetic progestins may increase risk of developing breast cancer.
Citation: FASEB J 2007 Apr 5; Epub ahead of print
Pub. Date: 4/5/2007

Authors: Conner, P
Title: “Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy–aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. ”
Citation: “Ann Med. 2007;39(1):28-41. Review. ”
Pub. Date: 4/1/2007

Authors: Ribot C, Tremollieres F
Title: [Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: all the treatments are not the same.] TRANSLATION ATTACHED
Citation: Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2007 Mar 26; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 3/26/2007

Authors: Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F.
Title: Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study.
Citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007 Feb 27; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 2/27/2007

Authors: Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Meyer G, Levesque H, Trillot N, Barrellier MT, Wahl D, Emmerich J, Scarabin PY; Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group.
Title: Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study.
Citation: Circulation. 2007 Feb 20;115(7):840-5.
Pub. Date: 2/20/2007

Authors: Grady D, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Hanes V, Ensrud K, Habel LA, Wallace R, Macer J, Cummings SR, Shepherd J.
Title: Effect of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on breast density in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Menopause. 2007 Jan 11; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 1/11/2007

Authors: Moe RE, Anderson BO.
Title: “Androgens and androgen receptors: A clinically neglected sector in breast cancer biology. ”
Citation: “J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 27; [Epub ahead of print] ”
Pub. Date: 12/27/2006

Authors: Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlander N, Chlebowski RT, Berry DA
Title: A sharp decrease in breast cancer incidence in the United States in 2003.
Citation: San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium Abstract #5, 12/14/2006 General Session
Pub. Date: 12/14/2006

Authors: Lyytinen H, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O
Title: Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estrogen-only therapy.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol 2006 Dec;108(6):1354-60
Pub. Date: 12/1/2006

Authors: Clarke CA, Glaser SL, Uratsu CS, Selby JV, Kushi LH, Herrinton LJ.
Title: Recent declines in HT utilization and breast cancer incidence.
Citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 20;24(33):e49-50.
Pub. Date: 11/20/2006

Authors: Hyder SM
Title: Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer.
Citation: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006 Sep;13(3):667-87.
Pub. Date: 9/1/2006

Authors: Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Chen WY, Rosner B, Colditz GA
Title: Combined Estrogen and Testosterone Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Citation: Arch Int Med 2006;166(14):1483-1489.
Pub. Date: 7/24/2006

Authors: Wood CE, Register TC, Lees CJ, Chen H, Kimrey S, Mark Cline J
Title: Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys.
Citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006 Jul 14; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 7/14/2006

Authors: Hsia J, Criqui MH, Herrington DM, Manson JE, Wu L, Heckbert SR, Allison M, McDermott MM, Robinson J, Masaki K
Title: Conjugated equine estrogens and peripheral arterial disease risk: the Women’s Health Initiative.
Citation: Am Heart J 152(1):170
Pub. Date: 7/1/2006

Authors: Benakanakere I, Besch-Willifors, SChnell J, Brandt S, Ellersieck MR, molinolo A, Hyder SM
Title: Natural and synthetic progestins accelerate 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mammary tumors and increase angiogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Citation: Clin Cancer Res 2006 Jul1;12(13):4062-71
Pub. Date: 7/1/2006

Authors: Zegura B et al.
Title: The effect of various menopausal hormone therapies on markers of inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, lipids, and lipoproteins in healthy postmenopausal women.
Citation: Menopause 2006 Jul-Aug;13(4):643-50.
Pub. Date: 7/1/2006

Authors: Anderson et al.
Title: Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin
Citation: Maturitas 2006
Pub. Date: 7/1/2006

Authors: Li CI, Daling JR, Malone KE, Bernstein L, Marchbanks PA, Liff JM, Strom BL, Simon MS, Press MF, McDonald JA, Ursin G, Burkman RT, Deapen D, Spirtas R.
Title: Relationship between established breast cancer risk factors and risk of seven different histologic types of invasive breast cancer.
Citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 May;15(5):946-54.
Pub. Date: 5/1/2006

Authors: Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, Hendrix SL, Rodabough RJ, Paskett ED, Lane DS, Hubbell FA, Assaf AR, Sarto GE, Schenken RS, Yasmeen S, Lessin L, Chlebowski RT; WHI Investigators.
Title: Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy.
Citation: JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1647-57.
Pub. Date: 4/12/2006

Authors: Garcia-Perez MA, Moreno-Mercer J, Tarin JJ, Cano A
Title: Similar efficacy of low and standard doses of transdermal estradiol in controlling bone turnover in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Gynecol Endocrinol 2006 Apr;22(4):179-84.
Pub. Date: 4/1/2006

Authors: Moskowitz D
Title: A Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioidentical Hormones for the Management of Menopause and Related Health Risks.
Citation: Alternative Medicine Review 2006;11(3):208-223
Pub. Date: 1/1/2006

Authors: Kaaks et al.
Title: Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
Citation: Endocr Relat Cancer 12(4):1071-82
Pub. Date: 12/1/2005

Authors: Ghatge RP, Jacobsen BM, Schittone SA, Horwitz KB
Title: The progestational and androgenic properties of medroxyprogesterone acetate: gene regulatory overlap with dihydrotestosterone in breast cancer cells.
Citation: Breast Cancer Res2005;7(6):R1036-50. Epub 2005 Nov 2
Pub. Date: 11/2/2005

Authors: Campagnoli C, Abba C, Ambroggio S, Peris C.
Title: Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk.
Citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct 21; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 10/21/2005

Authors: Mirkin S, Wong BC, Archer DF.,
Title: Effect of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, synthetic progestins, tibolone, and tibolone metabolites on vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in breast cancer cells.
Citation: Fertil Steril. 2005 Aug;84(2):485-91.
Pub. Date: 8/1/2005

Authors: Ropponen A, Aittomaki K, Vihma V, Tikkanen MJ, Ylikorkala O.
Title: Effects of oral and transdermal estradiol administration on levels of sex hormone-binding globulin in postmenopausal women with and without a history of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3431-4. Epub 2005 Mar 22.
Pub. Date: 6/1/2005

Authors: Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrion F.
Title: Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer.
Citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 May 20; [Epub ahead of print]
Pub. Date: 5/20/2005

Authors: Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F., ,
Title: “Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort.”
Citation: Int J Cancer. 2005 Apr 10;114(3):448-54
Pub. Date: 4/10/2005

Authors: Matthews KA, Owens JF, Salomon K, Harris KF, Berga SL
Title: Influence of hormone therapy on the cardiovascular responses to stress of postmenopausal women.
Citation: Biol Psychol 2005 Apr;69(1):39-56. Epub 2005 Jan 4.
Pub. Date: 4/1/2005

Authors: Dias AR, Melo RN, Gebara OC, D’Amico EA, Nussbacher A, Halbe HW, Pinotti JA
Title: Effects of conjugated equine estrogens or raloxifene on lipid profile, coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Climacteric 2005 Mar;8(1):63-70
Pub. Date: 3/1/2005

Authors: Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M, Lobo R, Manson JE, Merriam GR, Miller VM, Naftolin F, Santoro N.
Title: KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.
Citation: Climacteric. 2005 Mar;8(1):3-12.
Pub. Date: 3/1/2005

Authors: Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, Monteleone P, Benussi C, Bevilacqua G, Vacca F, Genazzani AR.
Title: Effects of low-dose, continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on sleep in symptomatic postmenopausal women.
Citation: Maturitas. 2005 Feb 14;50(2):91-7.
Pub. Date: 2/14/2005

Authors: Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Rodabough RJ, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Limacher MC, Larson JC,
Title: “Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. ”
Citation: JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):330-9
Pub. Date: 1/19/2005

Authors: Ropponen A, Aittomaki K, Tikkanen MJ, Ylikorkala O
Title: Levels of serum C-reactive protein during oral and transdermal estradiol in postmenopausal women with and without a history of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 Jan;90(1):142-6. Epub 2004 Nov 2
Pub. Date: 1/1/2005

Authors: Missmer SA, Eliassen AH, Barbieri RL, Hankinson SE.
Title: Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Dec 15;96(24):1856-65.
Pub. Date: 12/15/2004

Authors: Decensi A, Bonanni B, Baglietto L, et al.
Title: A two-by-two factorial trial comparing oral with transdermal estrogen therapy and fenretinide with placebo on breast cancer biomarkers.
Citation: Clin Cancer Res 2004 Jul 1;10(13):4389-97
Pub. Date: 7/1/2004

Authors: Prifti S, Lelle I, Strowitzki T, Rabe T.
Title: Induction of androgen receptor activity by norgestimate and norelgestromin in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells.
Citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;19(1):18-21.
Pub. Date: 7/1/2004

Authors: Hermsmeyer RK, Mishra RG, Pavcnik D, Uchida B, Axhelm MK, Stanczyk FZ, Burry KA, Illingworth DR, Juan C, Nordt FJ
Title: Prevention of coronary hyperreactivity in preatherogenic menopausal rhesus monkeys by transdermal progesterone.
Citation: Ateriosacler thromb Vasc Biol 2004 May;24(5):955-61.
Pub. Date: 5/1/2004

Authors: Nelson, H
Title: Commonly used types of postmenopausal estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: scientific review.
Citation: JAMA 2004;291:1610-20
Pub. Date: 4/7/2004

Authors: Minkin, MJ
Title: Considerations in the choice of oral vs. transdermal hormone therapy: a review.
Citation: J Reprod Med. 2004 Apr;49(4):311-20
Pub. Date: 4/1/2004

Authors: Stahlberg, C, Pedersen, A, Lynge, E, Anderson, Z, Keiding, N, Hundrup, Y, Obel, E, Ottesen, B
Title: Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe.
Citation: Int. J. Cancer:109,721-727 (2004)
Pub. Date: 1/1/2004

Authors: Rosano G, Vitale C, Silvestri A, Fini M
Title: Metabolic and vascular effect of progestins in post-menopausal women ;Implications for cardioprotection
Citation: Maturitas 46 Suppl 1:17-29.
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Schindler A, Campagnoli C, Drukmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini J, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH
Title: Classification and pharmacology of progestins
Citation: Maturitas 46 Suppl 1:7-16
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Schindler A
Title: Differential effects of progestins: European Progestin Club
Citation: Maturitas 2003;46 Suppl 1:s3-s5
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Campagnoli, C, Abba, C, Ambroggio, S, Peris, C
Title: Differential effects of progestins on the circulating IGF-I system.
Citation: Maturitas. 2003 Dec 10;46 Suppl 1:S39-44
Pub. Date: 12/10/2003

Authors: Nugent, AG, Leung, KC, Sullivan, D, Reutens, AT, Ho, KK
Title: Modulation by progestogens of the effects of oestrogen on hepatic endocrine function in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Dec;59(6):690-8
Pub. Date: 12/1/2003

Authors: Stanczyk, FZ
Title: All progestins are not created equal.
Citation: Steroids. 2003 Nov;68(10-13):879-90
Pub. Date: 11/1/2003

Authors: Mueck, AO, Seeger, H, Wallwiener, D
Title: Comparison of the proliferative effects of estradiol and conjugated equine estrogens on human breast cancer cells and impact of continuous combined progestogen addition.
Citation: Climacteric. 2003 Sep;6(3):221-7
Pub. Date: 9/1/2003

Authors: Million Women Study Collaborators (Beral)
Title: Breast Cancer and Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Million Women Study.
Citation: Lancet 2003; 362:419-27
Pub. Date: 8/9/2003

Authors: Li, CI, Malone, KE, Porter, PL, Weiss, NS, Tang, MT, Cushing-Haugen, KL, Daling, JR
Title: Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer.
Citation: “JAMA. 2003 Jun 25 289(24):3254-63.”
Pub. Date: 6/25/2003

Authors: Chlebowski, RT, Hendrix, SL, Langer, RD, Stefanick, ML, Gass, ML, Lane, DS, Rodabough, RJ, Gilligan, MA, Cyr, MG, Thomson, CA, Khandekar, J, Petrovitch, H, McTiernan, A, WHI Investigators
Title: Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial.
Citation: “JAMA 2003;289:3243-53 289(24):3243-53.”
Pub. Date: 6/25/2003

Authors: Davison, S, Davis, SR, Hunskaar, S, Skolbekken, JA
Title: New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women: impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2470-8
Pub. Date: 6/1/2003

Authors: Wassertheil-Smoller, S, Hendrix, SL, Limacher, M, Heiss, G, Kooperberg, C, Baird, A, Kotchen, T, Curb, JD, Black, HR, Rossouw, JE, Aragaki, AK, Safford, M, Stein, E, Laowattana, S, Mysiw, WJ, WHI Investigators
Title: Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative: a randomized trial. ”
Citation: JAMA. 2003 May 28 289(20):2717-9.”
Pub. Date: 5/28/2003

Authors: Yu H, Shu XO, Shi R, Dai Q, Jin F, Gao YT, Li BD, Zheng W
Title: Plasma sex steroid hormones and breast cancer risk in Chinese women.
Citation: Int J Cancer 105(1):92-7
Pub. Date: 5/20/2003

Authors: Lippert, TH, Seeger, H, Mueck, AO
Title: Are pharmacological considerations of relevance in hormone replacement therapy for prevention of chronic disease?
Citation: J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 May;23(3):263-6
Pub. Date: 5/1/2003

Authors: Vongpatanasin W, Tuncel M, Wang Z, Arbique D, Mehrad B, Jialal I
Title: Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women
Citation: J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41;1358-1363
Pub. Date: 04/00/2003

Authors: Kraemer GR, Kraemer RR, Ogdon BW, Kilpatrick RE, Gimpel TL, Castracane VD
Title: Variability of serum estrogens among postmenopausal women treated with the same transdermal estrogen therapy and the effect on androgens and sex hormone binding globulin
Citation: Fertility & Sterility 79(3):534-542
Pub. Date: 3/1/2003

Authors: Singer CF, Hudelist G, Schreiber M, Kubista E.
Title: Pharmacological modulation of IGF serum concentrations as a therapeutic approach to control the growth of malignant breast tumors.
Citation: Drugs Today (Barc). 2003 Feb;39(2):115-25.
Pub. Date: 2/1/2003

Authors: Greendale, GA, Reboussin, BA, Slone, S, Wasilauskas, C, Pike, MC, Ursin, G
Title: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and change in mammographic density.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jan 1;95(1):30-7
Pub. Date: 1/1/2003

Authors: Shapiro, S; Tucker G
Title: Risks of estrogen plus progestin therapy: a sensitivity analysis of findings in the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial.
Citation: Climacteric 2003;6:302-310
Pub. Date: 1/1/2003

Authors: Jernstrom, H, Bendahl, P, Lidfeldt, J, Nerbrand, C, Agardh, C, Samsioe, G
Title: A prospective study of different types of hormone replacement therapy use and the risk of subsequent breast cancer: the women’s health in the lund area (WHILA) study (Sweden).
Citation: Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:673-680
Pub. Date: 1/1/2003

Authors: Weiss, LK, Burkman, RT, Cushing-Haugen, KL, Voigt, LF, Simon, MS, Daling, JR, Norman, SA, Bernstein, L, Ursin, G, Marchbanks, PA, Strom, BL, Berlin, JA, Weber, AL, Doody, DR, Wingo, PA, McDonald, JA, Malone, KE, Folger, SG, Spirtas, R
Title: Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk (1).
Citation: Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1148-58
Pub. Date: 12/00/2002

Authors: Lindenfeld EA, Langer RD.
Title: Bleeding patterns of the hormone replacement therapies in the postmenopausal estrogen and progestin interventions trial.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov;100(5 Pt 1):853-63.
Pub. Date: 11/1/2002

Authors: de Lignieres B.
Title: Effects of progestogens on the postmenopausal breast.
Citation: Climacteric. 2002 Sep;5(3):229-35.
Pub. Date: 9/1/2002

Authors: Modena MG, Bursi F, Fantini G, Cagnacci A, Carbonieri A, Fortuna A, Rossi R
Title: Effects of hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels in healthy postmenopausal women: comparison between oral and transdermal administration of estrogen.
Citation: Am J Med. 2002 Sep;113(4):331-4
Pub. Date: 9/1/2002

Authors: Clarke, SC, Kelleher, J, Lloyd-Jones, H, Slack, M, Scofiel, PM
Title: A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study.
Citation: “BJOG 2002;109:1056-62 1056-62.”
Pub. Date: 09/00/2002

Authors: Writing Group WHI, Writing Groups for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators
Title: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.
Citation: JAMA. 2002 Jul 17 288(3):321-33.
Pub. Date: 7/17/2002

Authors: Hulley, S, Furberg, C, Barrett-Connor, E, Cauley, J, Grady, D, Haskell, W, Knopp, R, Lowery, M, Satterfield, S, Schrott, H, Vittinghoff, E, Hunninghake, D, HERS Research Group
Title: Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen / Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS 2).
Citation: JAMA. 2002;288(1):58-66.
Pub. Date: 7/3/2002

Authors: Cummings JA, Brizendine L
Title: Comparison of physical and emotional side effects of progesterone or medroxyprogesterone in early postmenopausal women.
Citation: Menopause 9(4):253-63
Pub. Date: 7/1/2002

Authors: Newcomb, PA, Titus-Ernstoff, L, Egan, KM, Trentham-Dietz, A, Baron, JA, Storer, BE, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ
Title: Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use in relation to breast cancer risk.
Citation: “Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jul 11(7):593-600.”
Pub. Date: 07/00/2002

Authors: Benshushan, A, Brzezinski, A
Title: Hormonal manipulations and breast cancer.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2002 May;57(5):314-23
Pub. Date: 5/1/2002

Authors: Chen, C-L, Weiss, NS, Newcomb, P, Barlow, W, White, E,
Title: Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer.
Citation: JAMA 2002;287:734-741
Pub. Date: 2/13/2002

Authors: de Lignieres, B, Vathaire, F, Fournier, S, Urbinelli, R, Allaert, F, Le, M, Kuttenn, F
Title: Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a french cohort study of 3175 women.
Citation: Climacteric 2002;5:332-40
Pub. Date: 1/1/2002

Authors: Campagnoli C, Colombo P et al.
Title: Positive effects on cardiovascular and breast metabolic markers or oral estradiol and dydrogesterone in comparison with transdermal estradiol and norethisterone acetate
Citation: Maturitas 2002;41:299-311
Pub. Date: 00/00/2002

Authors: Hodis HN et al
Title: “Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ”
Citation: Ann Intern Med. 2001 Dec 4;135(11):939-53.
Pub. Date: 12/4/2001

Authors: Serin IS, Ozclik B, Basbug M
Title: Long-term effects of continuous oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sex hormone binding globulin and free testosterone levels
Citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:2222-225
Pub. Date: 12/1/2001

Authors: Campagnoli, C, Abba, C, Ambroggio, S, Biglia, N, Ponzone, R
Title: Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: putting the risk into perspective.
Citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2001 Dec;15 Suppl 6:53-60
Pub. Date: 12/1/2001

Authors: Hyder SM, Chiappetta C, Stancel GM.
Title: Pharmacological and endogenous progestins induce vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human breast cancer cells.
Citation: Int J Cancer. 2001 May 15;92(4):469-73.
Pub. Date: 5/15/2001

Authors: Vehkavaara, S, Silveira, A, Hakala-Ala-Pietila, T, Virkamaki, A, Hovatta, O, Hamsten, A, Taskinen, MR, Yki-Jarvinen, H
Title: Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and serum lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Thromb Haemost. 2001 Apr;85(4):619-25
Pub. Date: 4/1/2001

Authors: Montplaisir J, Lorrain J, Denesle R, Petit D.
Title: “Sleep in menopause: differential effects of two forms of hormone replacement therapy. ”
Citation: “Menopause. 2001 Jan-Feb;8(1):10-6. ”
Pub. Date: 1/1/2001

Authors: Godsland I
Title: Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974 -2000
Citation: Fertility & Sterility 2001;75:898-915
Pub. Date: 00/00/2001

Authors: Tiras MB, Noyan V, Yildiz A, Yildirim M, Daya S
Title: Effects of alendronate and hormone replacement therapy, alone or in combination, on bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a prospective, randomized study.
Citation: Hum Reprod 2000 Oct;15(10):2087-92
Pub. Date: 10/1/2000

Authors: Sitruk-Ware, R
Title: Progestins and cardiovascular risk markers.
Citation: Steroids. 2000 Oct-Nov;65(10-11):651-8
Pub. Date: 10/1/2000

Authors: Verheul, HM, Pinedo, HM
Title: The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Tumor Angiogenesis and Early Clinical Development of VEGF-Receptor Kinase Inhibitors.
Citation: Clin Breast Cancer. 2000 Sep;1 Suppl 1:S80-4
Pub. Date: 9/1/2000

Authors: Herrington, DM, Reboussin, DM, Brosnihan, KB, Sharp, PC, Shumaker, SA, Snyder, TE, Furberg CD, Kowalchuk GJ, Stuckey TD, Rogers WJ, Givens DH, Waters D.
Title: “Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. .”
Citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 24;343(8):522-9
Pub. Date: 8/24/2000

Authors: Shoff, SM, Newcomb, PA, Trentham-Dietz, A, Remington, PL, Mittendorf, R, Greenberg, ER, Willett, WC
Title: Early-life physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer: effect of body size and weight change.
Citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:591-5
Pub. Date: 6/1/2000

Authors: Ross, RK, Paganini-Hill, A, Wan, PC, Pike, MC,
Title: Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: Estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:328-332
Pub. Date: 2/16/2000

Authors: Schairer, C, Lubin, J, Troisi, R, Sturgeon, S, Brinton, L, Hoover, R
Title: Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk.
Citation: JAMA 2000;283:485-491
Pub. Date: 1/26/2000

Authors: Hyder SM, Stancel GM.
Title: Regulation of VEGF in the reproductive tract by sex-steroid hormones.
Citation: Histol Histopathol. 2000 Jan;15(1):325-34.
Pub. Date: 1/1/2000

Authors: Hofseth, LJ, Raafat, AM, Osuch, JR, Pathak, DR, Slomski, CA, Haslam, SZ
Title: Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec;84(12):4559-65
Pub. Date: 12/1/1999

Authors: Magnusson, C, Baron, JA, Correia, N, Bergstrom, R, Adami, H, Persson, I
Title: Breast-cancer risk following long-term oestrogen- and oestrogen-progestin-replacement therapy.
Citation: Int J Cancer 1999;81:339-344
Pub. Date: 5/5/1999

Authors: Stoll BA
Title: Western nutrition and the insulin resistance syndrome: a link to breast cancer.
Citation: Eur J CLin Nutr 53(2):83-7.
Pub. Date: 2/1/1999

Authors: Hartl W, Wilfert HC, Heinz R
Title: [Results of an observation study with Estrogel and Utrogestan in patients with climacteric symptoms.]
Citation: Journal für Menopause 1999; 6 (4) (Ausgabe für Deutschland) 19-24
Pub. Date: 1/1/1999

Authors: Greendale GA, Reboussin BA, Hogan P, Barnabei VM, Shumaker S, Johnson S, Barrett-Connor E.
Title: Symptom relief and side effects of postmenopausal hormones: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Dec;92(6):982-8.
Pub. Date: 12/1/1998

Authors: Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A, Haley EA, Creager SJ, Seely EW, Ganz P, Creager MA.
Title: Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1158-63.
Pub. Date: 9/22/1998

Authors: Ridker, PM, Buring, JE, Shih, J, Matias, M, Hennekens, CH
Title: Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women.
Citation: Circulation. 1998 Aug 25;98(8):731-3
Pub. Date: 8/25/1998

Authors: Minshall, RD, Stanczyk, FZ, Miyagawa, K, Uchida, B, Azthelm, M, Novy, M, Hermsmeyer, K
Title: Ovarian steroid protection against coronary artery hyperreactivity in rhesus monkeys.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):649-59
Pub. Date: 2/1/1998

Authors: Uhler ML, Marks JW, Voig B
Title: Comparison of the impact of transdermal versus oral estrogens on biliary markers of gallstone formation in postmenopausal women
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:410-414
Pub. Date: 02/00/1998

Authors: Bonduki CE, Lourenco DM, Baracat E
Title: Effect of estrogen-progestin hormonal replacement therapy on plasma antithrombin III of postmenopausal women
Citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998;77:330-333
Pub. Date: 00/00/1998

Authors: Scarabin PY, Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, Taisne P, Agher R, Aiach M
Title: Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial.
Citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 Nov;17(11):3071-8
Pub. Date: 11/1/1997

Authors: Malarkey, WB, Burleson, M, Cacioppo, JT, Poehlmann, K, Glaser, R, Kiecolt-Glaser, JK
Title: Differential effects of estrogen and medroxyprogesterone on basal and stress-induced growth hormone release, IGF-1 levels, and cellular immunity in postmenopausal women.
Citation: Endocrine. 1997 Oct;7(2):227-33
Pub. Date: 10/7/1997

Authors: Grady, D, Ernster, V
Title: Hormone Replacement Therapy And Endometrial Cancer: Are Current Regimens Safe?
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Aug 6;89(15):1088-9.
Pub. Date: 8/6/1997

Authors: Crook D, Godsland IF, Hull J, Stevenson JC
Title: Hormone replacement therapy with dydrogesterone and 17?-oestradiol: effects on serum lipoproteins and glucose tolerance during 24 month follow up
Citation: Br J Obstet Gyn 104:298.
Pub. Date: 3/1/1997

Authors: Miyagawa, K, Rosch, J, Stanczyk, F, Hermsmeyer, K
Title: Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm.
Citation: Nat Med. 1997 Mar;3(3):324-7
Pub. Date: 3/1/1997

Authors: Adams, MR, Register, TC, Golden, DL, Wagner, JD, Williams, JK
Title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis.
Citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Jan;17(1):217-21
Pub. Date: 1/1/1997

Authors: Basbug M, Aygen E, Tayyar M
Title: Twenty two weeks of transdermal estradiol increases sex hormone-binding globulin in surgical menopausal women
Citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bio 1997;73:149-152
Pub. Date: 00/00/1997

Authors: Good WR, John VA, Ramirez M
Title: Double-masked, multicenter study of an estradiol matrix transdermal delivery system (Alora) versus placebo in postmenopausal symptoms
Citation: Clin Ther 1996;18:1093-1105
Pub. Date: 11/00/1996

Authors: Kim, CJ, Min, YK, Ryu, WS, Kwak, JW, Ryoo, UH
Title: Effect of hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) and lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Influence of various progestogens and duration of therapy.
Citation: Arch Intern Med. 1996 Aug 12-26;156(15):1693-700
Pub. Date: 8/12/1996

Authors: Lindoff C, Peterson F, Lecander I, Martinson G, Astedt B
Title: Transdermal estrogen replacement therapy: beneficial effects on hemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Citation: Maturitas 1996 May;24(1-2):43-50
Pub. Date: 5/1/1996

Authors: Haines, CJ, Chung, TK, Masarei, JR, Tomlinson, B, Lau, JT
Title: An examination of the effect of combined cyclical hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) and other lipoproteins.
Citation: Atherosclerosis. 1996 Jan 26;119(2):215-22
Pub. Date: 1/26/1996

Authors: Evans SF, Davie MW
Title: Low and conventional dose transdermal oestradiol are equally effective at preventing bone loss in spine and femur at all post-menopausal ages.
Citation: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Jan;44(1):79-84
Pub. Date: 1/1/1996

Authors: Speroff L, Whitcomb RW, Kempfert NJ
Title: Efficacy and local tolerance of a low-dose 7 day matrix estradiol transdermal system in the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms
Citation: Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:587-591
Pub. Date: 00/00/1996

Authors: Writing Group for the PEPI Trial
Title: Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. the writing group for the PEPI trial.
Citation: JAMA 1995;273:199-208
Pub. Date: 12/6/1995

Authors: Bottinlione, F., Volpe, A., Esposito, G., et al
Title: Transvaginal estriol administration in postmenopausal women: a double blind compartaive study of 2 different doses
Citation: MAturistas 22, 227-232
Pub. Date: 1995

Authors: Chang KJ, Lee TT, Linares-Cruz G, Fournier S, de Lignieres B.
Title: Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo.
Citation: Fertil Steril. 1995 Apr;63(4):785-91.
Pub. Date: 4/1/1995

Authors: Moorjani S, Dupont A, Labrie F, De Lignieres B, Cusan L, Dupont P, Mailloux J, Lupien PJ.
Title: Changes in plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein composition in relation to oral versus percutaneous administration of estrogen alone or in cyclic association with utrogestan in menopausal women.
Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Aug;73(2):373-9.
Pub. Date: 8/1/1991

Authors: Van Erpecum KJ, Van Berge Henegouwen GP, Vershoor L
Title: Different Hepatobiliary effects of oral and transdermal estradiol in postmenopausal
Citation: Gastroenterology 1991;100:482-488
Pub. Date: 02/00/1991

Authors: Glass, A, Hoover, R
Title: Rising incidence of breast cancer: relationship to stage and receptor status.
Citation: 82 J Nat Cancer Inst 1990, 693-696
Pub. Date: 4/18/1990

Authors: Hargrove JT, Maxson WS, Wentz AC, Burnett LS
Title: Menopausal hormone replacement therapy with continuous daily oral micronized estradiol and progesterone.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol 73(4):606-12.
Pub. Date: 4/1/1989

Authors: Lee NC, Rosero-Bixby L, Oberle MW, Grimaldo C, Whatley AS, Rovira EZ.
Title: A case-control study of breast cancer and hormonal contraception in Costa Rica.
Citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 Dec;79(6):1247-54.
Pub. Date: 12/1/1987

Authors: Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, Coleman M.
Title: Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy.
Citation: Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Jul;94(7):620-35.
Pub. Date: 7/1/1987

Authors: Bush, TL, Barrett-Connor, E, Cowan, LD, Criqui, MH, Wallace, RB, Suchindran, CM, Tyroloer, HA, RIfkind, BM
Title: Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study.
Citation: Circulation. 1987 Jun;75(6):1102-9
Pub. Date: 6/1/1987

Authors: Riis BJ, Thomsen K, Strom V, Christiansen C.
Title: The effect of percutaneous estradiol and natural progesterone on postmenopausal bone loss.
Citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Jan;156(1):61-5.
Pub. Date: 1/1/1987

Authors: Barrett-Connor
Title: Postmenopausal estrogens–current prescribing patterns of San Diego gynecologists.
Citation: West J Med 1986 May;144(5):620-1.
Pub. Date: 5/1/1986

Authors: Maxson WS, Hargrove JT
Title: Bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone.
Citation: Fertil Steril 44(5):622-6
Pub. Date: 11/1/1985

Authors: Csech J, Gervais C.
Title: [Utrogestan]
Citation: Soins Gynecol Obstet Pueric Pediatr. 1985 Feb;(45):I-II. French.
Pub. Date: 10/1/1985

Authors: Place VA, Powers M, Darley PE, Schenkel L, Good WR
Title: A double-blind comparative study of Estraderm and Premarin in the amelioration of postmenopausal symptoms.
Citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985 Aug 15;152(8):1092-9
Pub. Date: 8/1/1985

Authors: Ottosson, UB, Johansson, BG, von Schoultz, B
Title: Subfractions of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol during estrogen replacement therapy: a comparison between progestogens and natural progesterone.
Citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Mar 15;151(6):746-50
Pub. Date: 3/15/1985

Authors: Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE
Title: Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures.
Citation: Ann Intern Med. 1985 Mar;102(3):319-24.
Pub. Date: 3/1/1985

Authors: Cazenave JC et al.
Title: Riguer ou la bonne politique pour traiter les menopause
Citation: Medecine et Armess 12:155-168
Pub. Date: 1/1/1984

Authors: Lane G, Siddle NC, Ryder TA, Pryse-Davies J, King RJ, Whitehead MI
Title: Dose dependent effects of oral progesterone on the oestrogenised postmenopausal endometrium.
Citation: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Oct 29;287(6401):1241-5.
Pub. Date: 10/29/1983

Authors: Csech J, Gervais C.
Title: [Utrogestan]
Citation: Soins Gynecol Obstet Pueric Pediatr. 1982 Sep;(16):45-6. French.
Pub. Date: 9/1/1982

Authors: Whitehead, MI, Townsend, PT, Pryse-Davies, J, Ryder, T, Lane, G, Siddle, N, King, RJ
Title: Actions of progestins on the morphology and biochemistry of the endometrium of postmenopausal women receiving low-dose estrogen therapy.
Citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Mar 15;142(6 Pt 2):791-5
Pub. Date: 3/15/1982

Authors: Morville R, Dray F, Reynier J, Barrat J
Title: [The bioavailability of natural progesterone given by mouth. Measurement of steroid concentrations in plasma, endometrium and breast tissue]
Citation: J Gynecol Obstet Biol reprod (Paris) 1982;11(3):355-63
Pub. Date: 1/1/1982

Authors: Concannon PW, Spraker TR, Casey HW, Hansel W,
Title: “Gross and histopathologic effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate and progesterone on the mammary glands of adult beagle bitches. .”
Citation: Fertil Steril. 1981 Sep;36(3):373-87
Pub. Date: 9/1/1981

Authors: Gambrell RD Jr, Massey FM, Castaneda TA, Ugenas AJ, Ricci CA , Wright JM
Title: Use of the progestogen challenge test to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer
Citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Jun;55(6):732-8.
Pub. Date: 06/00/1980

Authors: Whitehead MI, Townsend PT, Gill DK, Collins WP, Campbell S
Title: Absorption and metabolism of oral progesterone.
Citation: Br Med J 1980 Mar 22;280(6217):825-7.
Pub. Date: 3/22/1980

Authors: Diamond EJ, Hollander VP
Title: Progesterone and breast cancer
Citation: Mt Sinai J Med 1979;46:225-235
Pub. Date: 00/00/1979

Authors: Greenblatt RB, Stoddard LD
Title: The estrogen–cancer controversy
Citation: J Am Geriatrics Soc’y 1978 Jan;26(1):1-8
Pub. Date: 1/1/1978

Authors: Greenblatt RB, Stoddard LD
Title: The estrogen–cancer controversy
Citation: J Am Geriatrics Soc’y 1978 Jan;26(1):1-8
Pub. Date: 1/1/1978

Authors: Lippman M, Bolan G, Huff K.
Title: The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture.
Citation: Cancer Res. 1976 Dec;36(12):4610-8.
Pub. Date: 12/1/1976

Authors: Weiss NS, Szekely DR, Austin DF,
Title: “Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States. ”
Citation: N Engl J Med. 1976 Jun 3;294(23):1259-62
Pub. Date: 6/3/1976

Authors: Mack TM, Pike MC, Henderson BE, Pfeffer RI, Gerkins VR, Arthur M, Brown SE
Title: Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community.
Citation: N Engl J Med. 1976 Jun 3;294(23):1262-7
Pub. Date: 6/3/1976

Authors: Ziel HK, Finkle WD,
Title: Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens.
Citation: N Engl J Med. 1975 Dec 4;293(23):1167-70
Pub. Date: 12/4/1975

Authors: Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, Herrmann WL,
Title: “Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. ”
Citation: N Engl J Med. 1975 Dec 4;293(23):1164-7
Pub. Date: 12/4/1975

Authors: Callantine MR, Martin PL, Bolding OT, Warner PO, Greaney MO
Title: Micronized 17 beta-estradiol for oral estrogen therapy in menopausal women.
Citation: Obstet Gynecol 1975 Jul;46(1):37-41
Pub. Date: 7/1/1975

Authors: Finkel MJ, Berliner VR.
Title: The Extrapolaiton of Experimental Findings (Animal to Man): The Dilemma of the Systemically Administered Contraceptives
Citation: Presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Internaional Academy of Pathology.
Pub. Date: 2/28/1973

Authors: Riviere, M, Chouroulinkovi, I, Guerin, M
Title: [Appearance of mammary tumors in the male rat subjected to combined estrogen and progesterone treatment] French article.
Citation: C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1961;155:2102-4
Pub. Date: 1/1/1961

Authors: Wallach S, Henneman P
Title: Prolonged estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women
Citation: JAMA 171(12);1637-1642.
Pub. Date: 11/21/1959

Share on Facebook